Atmospheric Science Across the Stratopause

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Copyright\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0......Page 4
Contents\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0......Page 5
Preface\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0......Page 8
Reviewers\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0......Page 9
HISTORICAL CONTEXT......Page 10
SCOPE OF THE MONOGRAPH......Page 12
REFERENCES......Page 14
INTRODUCTION......Page 16
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SOCRATES MODEL AND SELECTED MODEL RESULTS......Page 17
Volcanic Eruptions......Page 18
Thermospheric Variability......Page 20
Solar Variability......Page 21
ANTHROPOGENIC PERTURBATIONS......Page 23
Carbon Dioxide......Page 24
Methane......Page 25
CONCLUSIONS......Page 26
REFERENCES......Page 28
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 30
2.1. Rossby Wave......Page 31
2.2. Gravity Waves......Page 35
3. TRANSPORT CIRCULATION OF THE STRATOSPHERE......Page 38
4. TRANSPORT CIRCULATION OF THE MESOSPHERE......Page 40
5. IMPLICATIONS FOR TRACE CONSTITUENT TRANSPORT......Page 41
REFERENCES......Page 43
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 45
2. CONSERVATION OF ENERGYIN THE MESOSPHERE......Page 47
3. CURRENT ASSESSMENT OF THEMESOSPHERIC HEAT BALANCE......Page 49
3.1 Solar Heating Rates......Page 50
3.2 Chemical Heating Rates......Page 52
3.3 Radiative Cooling Rates......Page 53
3.4 Net Radiative and Chemical Energy Balance......Page 55
4. OTHER SOURCES OF ENERGY AND DYNAMICAL INFLUENCES......Page 56
5. LABORATORY MEASUREMENTS AND THEMESOSPHERIC HEAT BUDGET......Page 57
REFERENCES......Page 58
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 61
3. UPPER ATMOSPHERE MODELS......Page 62
5. TIME-GCM CALCULATED STRUCTURE FOR EQUINOX AND DECEMBER SOLSTICE CONDITIONS......Page 63
6. ANNUAL VARIATION......Page 67
7. FLUX-COUPLED TIME-GCM/CCM3......Page 70
REFERENCES......Page 73
Sprites, Blue Jets, and Elves: Optical Evidence of Energy Transport Acrossthe Stratopause......Page 76
2. PHENOMENOLOGY......Page 77
2.1. Sprites......Page 79
2.3. Elves......Page 80
3.1. Energetics of Sprites-Observations......Page 81
3.2. Energetics of Sprites-Models......Page 84
3.3. Energetics of Blue Jets/Starters......Page 85
4. GLOBAL FREQUENCY......Page 86
REFERENCES......Page 87
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 90
2.2. CO2 Abundances Derived from Emission Measurements......Page 92
2.3. Solar Occultation Measurement......Page 95
3.2. Microwave Measurements from the Ground......Page 96
3.3. Space Experiments......Page 97
4.1. Molecular Diffusion of CO2......Page 99
4.2. Sensitivity to Eddy Diffusion......Page 100
4.3. Latitudinal Distributions of CO2 and CO in the Middle Atmosphere......Page 101
5. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS......Page 103
REFERENCES......Page 104
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 108
2.2. Wintertime NOx and CH4......Page 110
2.3. Springtime NO x and CH4......Page 111
2.4. Discussion......Page 113
3.1. Introduction......Page 114
3.2. Forcing Terms in the Model......Page 115
3.3. Tracer transport......Page 116
4.1. Overview......Page 117
4-2. Winter Mesosphere......Page 118
4.4. North/South symmetry......Page 120
5.1. Summary......Page 121
REFERENCES......Page 122
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 124
2. ODD HYDROGEN PHOTOCHEMISTRY - A HOx \"PRIMER\"......Page 126
3. THE MID-MESOSPHERIC H20 LAYER......Page 127
4. ODD-HYDROGEN PHOTOCHEMISTRY......Page 128
5. HETEROGENEOUS CHEMISTRY......Page 133
6.1. Coordinated Satellite, Balloon and Ground-based HOx Observations......Page 134
REFERENCE......Page 135
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 138
3. COMPARISON OF OH VERTICAL PROFILES......Page 139
4. COMPARISON OF TOTAL COLUMN......Page 141
5. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION......Page 142
REFERENCES......Page 143
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 144
3. PREDICTED ION PRODUCTION RATE AND LOSSOF OZONE DUE TO ELECTRON PRECIPITATION......Page 145
4. OZONE MEASUREMENTS FROM UARS......Page 146
REFERENCES......Page 148
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 150
2.1. Dispersion and Polarization Relations......Page 151
2.4. The Inertial ange of Turbulence......Page 152
3.2. Simple Models......Page 153
4.1. Review of Wave Breaking Dynamics......Page 155
4-2. Primary and Secondary Vortex Dynamics......Page 156
4.3. Turbulent Mixing......Page 157
5.1. Initial Vorticity Dynamics......Page 159
5.2. Dynamics of the Turbulence Cascade......Page 162
5.3. Turbulent Mixing......Page 163
6. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS......Page 164
REFERENCES......Page 165
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 167
2. THE OBSERVED SAO......Page 168
3.1. Theoretical Formulation......Page 169
3.2. Inferences From Tropical OLR Observations......Page 171
4.1. Numerical Model......Page 173
4.2. Simulation of the SAO......Page 174
4.4. Role of Diurnal Forcing......Page 176
4-5. Interaction With the QBO......Page 177
5. SUMMARY AND DISCUSSION......Page 179
REFERENCES......Page 180
INTRODUCTION......Page 183
Mechanistic Tidal Modeling Across the Stratopause During the 1990s......Page 184
Tidal Signatures and Climatologies......Page 187
Non-migrating Tidal Sources......Page 189
Tidal Dissipation......Page 192
CONCLUDING REMARKS......Page 193
REFERENCES......Page 194
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 197
2. OBSERVATIONS......Page 198
3. TRAJECTORY MAPPING AND DESCENT RATEANALYSIS......Page 199
4. COUPLNG BETWEEN ALTITUDES AND REGIONS......Page 205
5. SOLAR AND DYNAMICAL COUPLING......Page 209
6. DISCUSSION AND SUMMARY......Page 210
REFERENCES......Page 211
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 213
3.1. Night-average Temperature Profiles......Page 214
3.2. The Large-scale Stratospheric Circulation......Page 215
3.3. Cross Sections of Wind and Temperature......Page 216
4. DISCUSSION......Page 217
REFERENCES......Page 218
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 219
2. INSTRUMENT DESCRIPTION, DATA COVERAGE,AND ANALYSIS TECHNIQUE......Page 220
3. YEAR-ROUND, MULTI-YEAR TEMPERATURE AND WAVE MEASUREMENTS......Page 221
4. DISCUSSIONS AND CONCLUSIONS......Page 224
REFERENCES......Page 225
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 226
2. DATA AND MODELS......Page 227
3. RESULTS......Page 228
4. CONCLUDING REMARKS......Page 230
REFERENCES......Page 231
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 232
2. BASIC ASPECTS OF OBSERVED AND MODELED VARIABILITY......Page 233
3.1. Effects of the Tropical Quasi-biennial Oscillation......Page 235
3.2. Longer-Period Variability......Page 237
4.3. Sea Surface Temperature Variations......Page 240
REFERENCES......Page 242
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 245
2. MODEL CALCULATIONS......Page 246
2.1. Scenarios......Page 247
3. RESULTS......Page 249
4. EFFECTS OF TRANSPORT......Page 252
5. KINETICS UNCERTAINTIES......Page 253
6. CONCLUSIONS......Page 256
REFERENCES......Page 258
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 260
2. MEASUREMENT AND RETRIEVAL METHODS......Page 261
3. WVMS MEASUREMENTS AND COMPARISONS......Page 263
3.1 Variations in the Upper Stratosphere and Lower Mesosphere......Page 267
3.2 Upper Mesospheric Variations......Page 269
4. DISCUSSION......Page 270
REFERENCES......Page 272
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 274
2.2. SAGE II......Page 275
2.4. Data Analyses......Page 276
3.1. CH4 andH20......Page 277
3.3. Ozone and NOx......Page 279
4. STRATOSPHERIC TEMPERATURE AND CIRCULATION CHANGES......Page 280
5. SYNTHESIS AND DISCUSSION......Page 282
REFERENCES......Page 287
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 289
2. CRISTA INSTRUMENT OVERVIEW......Page 291
2.1 Spectrometers......Page 292
2.3 Cryogenics......Page 293
2.4 Calibrations......Page 294
4.1 Streamers......Page 295
4.2 Southern subtropical transport barrier......Page 297
4.4 Inter comparisons......Page 300
4.6 Thermospheric atomic oxygen......Page 301
REFERENCES......Page 304
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 307
3.1. Inversion......Page 308
3.3. Error Assessment......Page 309
4. RESULTS......Page 311
REFERENCES......Page 312
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 313
3.1. Model Description......Page 314
4.2. Results......Page 315
5.2. Time Evolution......Page 317
6. SUMMARY AND DISCUSSION......Page 318
REFERENCES......Page 319
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 321
2. CRISTA OBSERVATIONS......Page 322
3. DISCUSSION......Page 323
REFERENCES......Page 326
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 328
2. MSX/UVISI STELLAR OCCULTATIONS......Page 329
3. DATA ANALYSIS TECHNIQUE......Page 330
4. EXAMPLE RETRIEVALS......Page 333
5. CONCLUDING REMARKS......Page 334
REFERENCES......Page 335
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 337
2. COUPLING BETWEEN THE PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND TIDAL WAVES......Page 338
3. COUPLING BETWEEN THE PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND SLOWLY VARYING TRANSPORT......Page 339
5. PRELIMINARY MODEL RESULTS......Page 340
REFERENCES:......Page 342